Java 8
we identified two problems. Data Missing Instead o dealing with the problem, we r escaping from the problem by just putting !=null W e came up with two solutions Returning the Optional<Dept> in the getter method (best Case) Handle while processing the stream (alternative solution) by providing some default values. When and Where to Declare Optional ? Method Return Type When to not use Optional<> ? instance Variables of value object. Reason: During the Serialization it will throw the exception. sample output as follows b. writing Optional to JSON produces undesired results c. Avoid using Optional as a method parameter 5. How we return a default value ? using orElse() or orElseGet() as we see in the code